Cyberspazio, Dittatura, Guerra, Linguaggio, Politica, Potere, Romanzo

§CONSIGLI DI LETTURA: BRIGATE RUSSE. LA GUERRA OCCULTA DEL CREMLINO TRA TROLL E HACKER

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Brigate Russe. La guerra occulta del Cremlino tra troll
e hacker di Marta Ottaviani, Ledizioni, Milano,  2022

Questo libro è necessario sia letto, perché è un esempio pratico dell’esercizio dell’onestà intellettuale applicata al codice deontologico di un giornalista, di colui e di colei che democraticamente offre spicchi dell’oceano diveniente del reale, in notizie e fatti tendenzialmente coerenti e ben argomentati, all’interno di uno spirito che rispetta il pubblico in una agorà democratica,

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È stato concepito e realizzato dopo anni di studio e di ricerca e pubblicato appena prima della tragedia in corso, dovuta all’invasione dell’esercito russo nel territorio ucraino.

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L’autrice Marta Federica Ottaviani si interroga sul suo lavoro, e da questa analisi impietosa offre uno squarcio sul processo di creazione della notizia e del dato, che è il luogo dove identifichiamo le nostre convinzioni e giudizi sul mondo.

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La responsabilità attiene a un criterio di testimonianza del proprio lavoro, che è tale perché dignitoso nell’offrire il tempo che scorre, incarnato in eventi, sul quale accostiamo le nostre parole per ricostruire continuamente la nostra biografia.

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L’elemento contingente è riferito alla strategia di guerra intrapresa da anni dall’attuale regime russo nel produrre notizie false, giudizi che descrivono il mondo in assetti artefatti, minare e orientare il consenso delle popolazioni estere all’interno delle proprie controversie partitiche, relative alla redistribuzione economica e alla politica estera.

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In questo libro si respira aria trasparente e non offuscata da linguaggi sotterranei: mostrare a nudo il proprio operato nello scopo di porsi al servizio del pubblico, e non a considerarlo un oggetto di manipolazione, fino a usarlo indirettamente uno come strumento di guerra.

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Non è solo una questione di Menzogne (o volgarmente fake-news). Il giornalista che reperisce le informazioni per produrre le notizie e il pubblico correlato, è sottoposto alla questione delle fonti, che a differenza del passato, non ha il rischio della penuria, quanto una sovrabbondanza illimitata, dove però sotto sotto vi è una ripetizione e un rimando continua da una all’altra. Il giornalista, se ha un’agenda ricca, come scrive Marta Federica Ottaviani, è una buona cosa. Oggi il giornalista ha a disposizione più documenti, gestiti da enti diversi (in teoria), più soggetti giuridici e persone con le quali richiedere le storie, i fatti, i documenti, i testi (cartacei, audiovisivi, digitali) in un’ottica comparativa. La loro massa, però, non è sufficiente a porre un giudizio di verosimiglianza rispetto a ciò che si pubblica.

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I soggetti possono produrre notizie false, ridotte, censurate, disposte in modo artefatto. I mezzi di comunicazione di massa, ora, con i nuovi assetti tecnologici, oltre a moltiplicare la quantità sterminata delle note che informano un fatto, producono linguaggi e codici che viaggiano su forme di comunicazione inedite.

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Un altro aspetto, non distaccato, ma concomitante e integrato ai nuovi istituti atti alla produzione del fatto, dell’informazione, e del dato, riguarda la relazione tra essi, che non è più solo di semplice logica “vero-falso”, o di una catena binaria di causa ed effetto. Le dimensioni aumentano, e si incrociano, sicché il fatto sottende strutture informative evidenti e nascoste. La notizia non è più solo veicolo di comunicazione, ma sostanza. È la stessa struttura concreta del mondo dei giudizi che lotta all’interno di valori orientati verso fini e intenti emergenti in modo acefalo, o indotti dai cosiddetti “Stati Profondi” in competizione tra loro, sia all’interno di un organismo statale propriamente detto sia contro altri stati nel senso classico con il quale li intendiamo.

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Attraverso i mestieri di reporter, di ricercatore e di investigatore, Marta Ottaviani offre lenti di ingrandimento e codici di decifrazione di questo oceano in mutamento nell’indefinita moltiplicazione nei suoi effetti. Di più: con le cosiddette “intelligenze artificiali” (locuzione oramai metaforica che indica in questo caso la rete delle strategie manipolative) si hanno applicazioni sconosciute nella loro configurazione e nei loro effetti, da parte dell’opinione pubblica. E anche dal singolo che le realizza. Tutto ciò fa parte delle istituzioni immaginarie del senso che le società da sempre lasciano trasparire. Il punto però è che ora l’immagine è forzata a intesa come <realtà>. Il senso del mondo, dei buoni e dei cattivi, del tempo e della memoria, dura e ha valore solo all’interno di quella notizia, e rimane lì da solo, per lasciare il passo al successivo.

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Ogni contingenza, essendo artefatta come totalità, permane esclusivamente per mezzo della violenza portata dal linguaggio assertivo che nasconde volutamente le sue premesse. Non si hanno soluzioni di continuità. Solo strappi di memorie e di giudizi, che vengono sparati come pallottole: è una guerra. È una guerra che dura da anni e che continua.

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8-9 “[…] Il testo consta di quattro parti. La prima aiuta a collocare il fenomeno dal punto di vista storico e geopolitico. La seconda è dedicata alla cyberwar degli hacker, inclusi tutti i tentativi fatti per destabilizzare alcuni Paesi, soprattutto gli Stati Uniti. La terza è dedicata ai troll e a come vengono utilizzati i social per manipolare l’opinione pubblica e mettere in difficoltà gli avversari. La quarta, infine, è dedicata alla propaganda di Stato, più o meno esplicita. Un soft power che però, inteso nell’accezione russa, mira a far ritagliare spazi di manovra sempre più alti. Perché, mentre leggevo il materiale da cui è nato questo libro, una cosa l’ho capita subito: la Russia ha un modo di chiamare e interpretare i fenomeni tutto suo, spesso in netto contrasto con quello dell’Occidente. Per questo, il testo è diviso in quattro parti. L’obiettivo è descrivere l’approccio di Mosca alla Guerra del Terzo Millennio nel modo più esaustivo possibile. Si tratta, però, di un sistema di vasi comunicanti, che nella sua azione va avanti in contemporanea […]”

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Il libro è dotato di precisa e puntuale bibliografia. Offre l’occasione per interrogarci su noi stessi, sulle sfide che stiamo affrontando ora e per quelle del prossimo futuro. Solo negli ultimi due anni siamo stati manipolati e bombardati da false notizie relative al Covid, ai vaccini, alle cause della pandemia, o all’offerta di teorie “complottiste” che hanno poi in fondo la caratteristica di deresponsabilizzarci e semplificare la realtà, individuandola sempre in un comitato notturno di figuri che ci vuole annichilire. Certamente esistono i nemici o attori che sono direttamente in conflitto contro di noi a livello economico, politico e strategico. Quello che bisogna avere in mente però, è che non è detto che questa guerra sia a capo di un pazzo, o di un mister x nascosto, che voglia annullarci: vi sono più attori, più cause, e i fini non sono univoci e immediati. Inoltre noi stessi possiamo essere uno strumento che paradossalmente va potenziato ed eterodiretto. Il rischio è quello trascorrere una vita a parlare per bocca di altri, inchiodati a pensieri e visioni del mondo monche, deficitarie, pericolose per noi stessi e gli altri.

68 commenti su “§CONSIGLI DI LETTURA: BRIGATE RUSSE. LA GUERRA OCCULTA DEL CREMLINO TRA TROLL E HACKER”

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